Impact Of Climate Change On Insurance Companies Commerce Essay

Impact Of Climate Change On Insurance Companies Commerce Essay Change in climate is emerging up as a new type of issue in the security aspect because of the way it affects both the life and the well-being of humans in a highly interconnected and fragile world. (Evans, 1994, 107-128) Changing climate is becoming a threat to the basic welfare and survival needs of humans across the globe, including the production of food, health, access to water and the utilization of land. Environmental deprivation rising from different kinds of economical activities of humans has increased the intensity and frequency of natural disasters throughout the world. Around the world, there has always been natural development in the weather and climate events. In fact, the insurers have become experts in modelling the disastrous risks which has now become an incorporated instrument in the insurance industry. This has helped a number of businesses to digest the losses from unexpected natural disasters without important defaults. This has now led to the fact that insurance companies have become more refined in analyzing, managing and understanding their recent risks because of their natural disasters around the world. Many of the companies in United Kingdom are observed to be improving in managing and assessing their ways of dealing with the future trends and risks of the industry. As a number of UK insurance companies have started to note it, depending on their previous weather conditions and patterns for planning out strategies for future. For this, they must identify the probability of losses and gains related to weather conditions. The impact of climate change is on a very wide range from increased amount of hurricanes, fires and floods to health and life getting affected by changing patterns of hot and cold weather. (Evans, 1994, 107-128) Physical impacts effect on insurers: Companies of insurance and reinsurance are likely to face the strong impact of the changes in climate more than other parts of the financial businesses. There are a number of examples where it is seen that that how extremely weather condition can affect the insurance companies, the government and the sectors at backstops. Whilst there are examples of how the weather changes are affecting the insurance industry because of the flexibility of the insurance sector, in other ways it is quite well positioned in adapting the changes in weather events and patterns. (David, 2007, 28-38) Threat of climate change for insurance industry: The main threat that is facing the insurance industry is climate change. This threat affects both property and casualty insurance that the insurance people. Another concern: the two sectors will have to adapt to demographic change that is looming. This emerges from a study by Ernst Young, in collaboration with Oxford Analytica. Ernst Young has compiled a top ten list of threats that will confront insurers after interviewing twenty industry leaders worldwide. According to Ernst Young, climate change tops the list because global warming is changing the climate and increases the likelihood of claims arising from floods, hurricanes and other natural phenomena. Im not sure the industry is poised to cope with climate change, warned Tom Kornya, a partner at Ernst Young, in an interview with Insurance Journal. Five years ago, this risk was not even on the list. Mr. Kornya adds that not only the sector of damage insurance that will be affected by climate change, life insurance should also deal with it sooner or later. Damage will come to insurance when climate change will result in wind storms and floods. In life insurance, the consequences will be gradual. With temperatures that may change, life insurers will face new problems in health and mortality. So there could be different types of losses. The underwriting of these products is booming and no one has yet measured that cause climate change. The success of the industry will go through the development of innovative products, which will face great uncertainty, such as typing speed and severity of climate change, he said. The second risk that the industry faces is the demographic change with the arrival of the baby boomers retire, resulting in new needs. Insurers would be under great pressure, they will need to replace governments. (Rober, 2010, 34-33) In addition to the pressure generated by this new role, insurers will also deal than their competitors. Banks, mutual fund companies and all financial institutions will struggle to get the same dollar. There is a risk there too. Insurance companies must remain innovative with their products to keep the advantage, says Kornya. (Rober, 2010, 34-33) The environment in which insurers and practice is constantly changing quickly, said Tom Kornya. We find that consumers are looking for simple, low cost products and others who want more complex products that are also more expensive. A company that will not have a multichannel access could fall into the background if it does not use Internet, media and telephone. The last two threats on the list of the top ten risks of Ernst Young are the legal uncertainties and the possibility of geopolitical or macroeconomic disturbances. In the first case, accountability and reform in terms of crime could lead to financial losses. For the second, the firm says that the threat of a severe financial crisis due to derivatives and hedge funds could be damaging to the industry. Opportunities for insurance: Climate change presents risks but also opportunities. The possible opportunities created by the effects of a changing climate may require nurturing through the dedication of attention and resources. Too often, news coverage portrays climate change as a doom-and-gloom story of impending disaster. Certainly, many of the possible impacts of climate change are likely to negatively affect us, and we must address them, but we should not ignore the possible opportunities that a changing climate could create in part by proactively adapting to them. Some economic sectors and businesses may do better because of the effects of climate change, and they should seek to identify those new economic opportunities and invest in pursuing them. Turning back to the example the reduced reliance on winter roads due to warmer average temperatures disrupts supply chains and increases costs for the mining companies operating in the region. (David, 2007, 28-38). It is a risk for insurers, but also a great opportunity, says Tom Kornya. There will be a great demand for pension products. Baby boomers look for low-cost products that generate revenue. By cons, debate the role of government in the pension is not very advanced. Insurers will be required to take this place and this is a new risk to which they are unaccustomed. Financing and advisory Companies in carbon-intensive sectors are already seeking finance to help them decrease greenhouse gas emissions. In the public sphere, large sums of capital will be needed in the coming decades to develop, modify and renew key energy, transportation and flood defense infrastructure across the world. Climate change may appear to be a slow burn issue for the financial sector, but companies would be wise to give it significant attention, as much for the emerging upsides of changing demand as for protecting themselves against the erosion of value in the long term. Hedging and trading The demand from the industry is increasing for a number of risk transfer instruments in order to protect the companies against the increase in the prices of energy, the changing patterns of weather and the probable failure of current newly introduced technologies. The occurrence of carbon among the commodities that are tradable has grown higher to complex products that are starting to pull a large number of financial organizations and allow some further violation and exploitation of the products. Consumer revenues The awareness spread about the green issues encourages growth in socially responsible investments by the consumers and organizations alike. Even though, the market for mortgages, insurance and loans that give reward to low carbon behaviour is right now less, it may increase quickly. Similarly, the increased awareness of windstorms and floods has started to increase the desire of customers who are at risk for the property and casualty insurance. Implications: There are a number of activities that the insurance industry can do in order to improve their understanding of the impact and affects of change in climate, help the society and government to understand in a better way and prepare for the risks involved in the development in fire-prone or coastal areas and make items that could protect their clients from the damage induced by the climatic change. Following are some of the implications in order to reduce the negative impact of the climate change on the insurance industry: (Evans, 1994, 107-128) Most of the climatic scientists agree that the weather conditions in future are most likely to differ that the previous weather conditions. Thus, it will be sensible for the insurers to understand in a better way, what will be the future if the predictions of the scientists are true. Risk models can be developed on the basis of these predictions with the help of expertise. We can also put more potential for the research and studies as they will provide more knowledge and analytical capacity. It will also help in enabling the insurance companies to find the hidden markets and new opportunities for their products along with the risk management and educating consumers. (Rober, 2010, 34-33) Work with the scientists in order to raise the economic relevancy and accurateness for the climatic change modeling. Disclose and acknowledge the risks of climatic change in annual security filings and by other business communications. Should take a practical approach in order to influence the planning and development of land use, in fraction as most of the expected rise in the losses are stemming out from the disastrous events that could be prevented by good spatial planning. There are a number of steps that could be taken: 1) keep the valuable property out of the risk regions and 2) grant both the economic and environmental benefits. Reference Rober, D., (2010), NAICs Climate Dogma Is Putting Insurers at Risk, National Underwriter / Property Casualty Risk Benefits Management, Pp. 34-33 Evans, S., (1994), Recent climatic change and catastrophic geomorphic processes in mountain environments, Geomorphology, Pp. 107-128 David, P., (2007), Impact of Climate, Bests Review, Pp. 28-38 the unpredictability of future climate brings significant threats for insurance companies.The unpredictability of future climate brings significant opportunities for insurance companiesConsider the arguments for and against the above statements. W $Content$ References Authors Last Name, First Initial. (Date of Publication). Title of publication. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Political Corruption Essay -- Ethical Issues, Public Tolerance

Political corruption is a serious problem limiting development in emerging economies. Many scholars have identified corruption as the new enemy of democratization, blaming it for limiting political and socio-economic development of most developing nations (Bardhan P.,1997; Seligson M., 2002, Canache D. and Allison M., 2005). Although no one can really measure â€Å"corruption† due to its discrete nature and the different discourses defining it, citizen’s perception of corruption can give us an idea of its direction. Manny current approaches to the study of corruption take into consideration the importance of corruption perception indexes (Johnston 2005, Acemoglu D. and Robinson J. 2001, Canache D. and Allison M., 2005), and the availability of democratic channels such as regular popular elections, freedom of the press, civic society organizations, private property rights and individual rights (O’Donell G, 1994). Corruption index reports such as Transparency Inte rnational, LatinoBarometro, Freedom House) show extensive public awareness of mass corruption in developing countries (TI, 2011; LB 2009; FH 2010). Awareness of corruption does not seem to trigger any major demands to fight corruption seriously. The question leading this literature review is why citizens, after accurately perceiving corruption and perceiving it as wrong, fail to adjust their opinions of, or simply ignore, the leaders or democratic institutions that govern them? The question of public tolerance of political corruption has assessed from different approaches. Some scholars, for instance, focus on the direct link between citizens and organization/leaders based on clientelism, nepotism, cronyism, and other informal ways of wealth redistribution (Kurer, O. 1993, R... ...ing the social construction of the â€Å"sense of ownership† of public institutions can lead us to the understanding of civil society’s sense of entitlement accountability. We have seen, for instance, how reviving civil society’s sense of entitlement to the public wealth have driven leaders in and out of power. Most of the South American leftist regimes depend on this â€Å"sense† of ownership/entitlement to win election and to stay in power. However, few of these countries show serious interest in institutionalizing the citizen-government relationship, especially if it threatens their stay in government. Further research, nonetheless, should help us understand how remittance, language and expectation of leaving the country contribute to the creation of a passive/inactive civil society. Researchers of both corruption and democratic theory should consider these approaches. Political Corruption Essay -- Ethical Issues, Public Tolerance Political corruption is a serious problem limiting development in emerging economies. Many scholars have identified corruption as the new enemy of democratization, blaming it for limiting political and socio-economic development of most developing nations (Bardhan P.,1997; Seligson M., 2002, Canache D. and Allison M., 2005). Although no one can really measure â€Å"corruption† due to its discrete nature and the different discourses defining it, citizen’s perception of corruption can give us an idea of its direction. Manny current approaches to the study of corruption take into consideration the importance of corruption perception indexes (Johnston 2005, Acemoglu D. and Robinson J. 2001, Canache D. and Allison M., 2005), and the availability of democratic channels such as regular popular elections, freedom of the press, civic society organizations, private property rights and individual rights (O’Donell G, 1994). Corruption index reports such as Transparency Inte rnational, LatinoBarometro, Freedom House) show extensive public awareness of mass corruption in developing countries (TI, 2011; LB 2009; FH 2010). Awareness of corruption does not seem to trigger any major demands to fight corruption seriously. The question leading this literature review is why citizens, after accurately perceiving corruption and perceiving it as wrong, fail to adjust their opinions of, or simply ignore, the leaders or democratic institutions that govern them? The question of public tolerance of political corruption has assessed from different approaches. Some scholars, for instance, focus on the direct link between citizens and organization/leaders based on clientelism, nepotism, cronyism, and other informal ways of wealth redistribution (Kurer, O. 1993, R... ...ing the social construction of the â€Å"sense of ownership† of public institutions can lead us to the understanding of civil society’s sense of entitlement accountability. We have seen, for instance, how reviving civil society’s sense of entitlement to the public wealth have driven leaders in and out of power. Most of the South American leftist regimes depend on this â€Å"sense† of ownership/entitlement to win election and to stay in power. However, few of these countries show serious interest in institutionalizing the citizen-government relationship, especially if it threatens their stay in government. Further research, nonetheless, should help us understand how remittance, language and expectation of leaving the country contribute to the creation of a passive/inactive civil society. Researchers of both corruption and democratic theory should consider these approaches.

Comparison Of Different Waste Management Techniques Environmental Sciences Essay

Like incineration, gasification is a thermic procedure that uses high temperatures to interrupt down waste. It is still classed as incineration in the European Unions Waste Incineration Directive and has to run into the compulsory emanation bounds that it sets. Gasification is a procedure in which stuffs are exposed to some O, but non plenty to let burning to happen. The ensuing gas mixture of C monoxide, H and methane ( with smaller measures of C dioxide and N ) is called syngas and is itself a fuel. It has a calorific value so can be used as a fuel to bring forth electricity or steam or as a basic chemical feedstock in the petrochemical and refinement industries. The calorific value of the syngas will depend on the composing of the input waste waste to the gasifier. Both gasification and incineration are capable of change overing hydrocarbon-based risky stuffs to simple, nonhazardous by-products ( A Comparison of Gasification and Incineration of Hazardous Wastes Final Report Prepared for: U.S. Department of Energy March 30, 2000. There is non much indifferent informations available on gasification but the companies developing gasification claim the engineering has important advantages over traditional incineration of waste. These are as follows The procedure uses less oxygen significance that fewer air emanations may be produced incorporating possible pollutants. Less C dioxide is produced intending less impact on planetary clime alteration. Any C dioxide produced during gasification is present at much higher concentrations and at higher force per unit areas than in watercourses produced from conventional burning, doing them easier to capture ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/gasification/basics/2.html ) The workss are are made up of little units ( modular ) which can be added to or taken off from as waste watercourses or volumes change ( e.g. with increased recycling in state ) and are hence more flexible and can run at a smaller graduated table than mass burn incinerators They are quicker to construct than conventional incinerators The procedures are claimed to bring forth a more utile merchandise than standard incineration that can be used as a fuel ( syngas ) The syngas may be used to bring forth energy more expeditiously, if a gas engine ( and potentially a fuel cell ) is used, while incineration can merely bring forth energy less expeditiously via steam turbines. ( Source – Eunomia Research and Consulting ( 2008 ) . Greenhouse gas balances of waste direction scenarios – study for the Greater London Authority ) .The syngas produced by gasification can be converted into many valuable merchandises, runing from electricity and steam to liquid fuels, basic chemicals, and H. Integration of multiple merchandises of gasification into industrial applications increases chances for added grosss The energy produced from gasification may be eligible for more Reclamations Obligations Certificates ( ROC ‘s ) than conventional incineration therefore increasing the possible income The treated fluke gas from an incinerator goes straight out into the ambiance. The treated syngas from the gasification works is used as a fuel in itself. When solid waste is incinerated one of the by merchandises is bottom ash which so has to be disposed of or treated and so disposed of depending on the content. When solid is processed in a gasifier, scoria is produced which can be can be sold, used as feedstock in chemical production processes, or recycled in other in-plant procedure operations. Sulfur compounds ( H2S and COS ) in the particulate-free syngas, usually a by-product of liquid gasification are typically removed and recovered utilizing conventional gas intervention engineerings from the refinery and natural gas industries. The ensuing by-product is high-purity liquid S which can so be sold and reused. ( A comparasion of gasification and incineration of risky wastes. Concluding Report. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy. March 2000 ) Emission degrees of SOx, NOx, and particulate from gasification systems are reduced significantly compared to incineration systems. In an oxidative incineration environment, S and N compounds in the provender are converted to SOx and NOx. In contrast, syngas killing systems for modern gasification systems are designed to recover 95 to 99 % of the S in the fuel as a high-purity S by-product A comparasion of gasification and incineration of risky wastes. Concluding Report. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy. March 2000 )The factors impacting the pick of bag filters or ESP in waste incinerators.Factor one: The type of waste being incinerated It all depends on what is being incinerated. . The features of the dust produced by the incineration plays a function in the pick as the combustibleness of some all right stuffs regulations out the usage of electrostatic precipitators. Bag filters are really efficient at roll uping all right particulates but non so good at big particulates so it depends on the merchandise of the incineration. ( Source Should I replace my Electrostatic Precipitator with a fabric filter, I. Fanthom, C. Cottingham. ) Most common ESP filtration is best used for ambient gaining control of light atmospheric dust. Unless a hob cleaning electrostatic precipitator is used, beginning gaining control or direct ducting from a heavy dust bring forthing incineration will rapidly make full up the aggregation plates. Heavy dust aggregation requires storage for a big volume of dust. The surface country of bag filters is much greater than surface country of electrostatic aggregation home bases and work better for dust gaining control of heavy dust bring forthing incineration than ESP would. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dustcollectorexperts.com/electrostatic/ ) Factor two: Features of the airstream The features of the airstream can hold important impacts on the aggregator system. For illustration cotton cloth bag filters can non be used where air temperatures exceed 82 grades centigrade. Besides condensation of steam or H2O vapors can blind bags doing them uneffective. Assorted chemicals created in the airstream can respond with the H2O in the airstream and signifier caustic liquids such as sulfuric acid which can eat any metal in the bag i.e. if it is rearward jet bag filter with a metal coop. ESP ‘s can defy caustic stuff doing aggregation possible. The individual most of import factor act uponing the Elecrostatic precipitator is the electric resistance of the gas being caught. Fabric filters take dust from a gas watercourse by go throughing gas through a cloth and go forthing dust on the surface of the cloth. It is hence non sensitive to dust electric resistance. A fabric filter can work on emanation degrees of 10-20 mg/NM3 whereas an ESP needs to be sized to suit demands. Factor three – Cost With most designs of ESP ‘s they have to close the line down in order to keep them which incurs a cost. With most bag filters they can be changed online, non incurring a cost of closing down. The power ingestion utilizing a bag filter is higher than utilizing an ESP, evidently incurring more costs for more power. Bag filters need to be changed more often than an Electrostatic Precipitator. Typically bags need altering every 4 old ages. An ESP needs a full service every 20-30 old ages. Bag filters are extremely efficient and cost effectual due to the dust bar which is formed on the surface. ( ( Source Should I replace my Electrostatic Precipitator with a fabric filter, I. Fanthom, C. Cottingham. ) They can accomplish a aggregation efficiency of more than 99 % for really all right particulates. The ESP ‘s are more expensive to put in than the bag filters Dust tonss may be needed to be reduced before the Electrostatic Precipitation procedure ( precleaner may be needed ) hence adding to the cost. Factor four – Features of the dust. Hygroscopic ( i.e. a stuff which attracts wet from the ambiance. If non protected from contact with the ambiance ( by being stored under vacuity or under a dry gas ) some hygroscopic stuffs will finally pull so much H2O that they will organize solutions ) and these can blind bag filters doing them ineffective. Factor Five – Conformity with Environmental ordinances and jurisprudence. In 1990the Environmental protection Act ( EPA ) introduced Integrated Pollution Control ( IPC ) necessitating higher control of emanations in most industries. More late the waste Incineration Directive was introduced and has imposed important alterations on any procedure combustion waste stuffs. For illustration the entire emanation value for Cd is 0.05 mg/Nm3. ( Source the Waste Incineration Directive ) . Hence the type of intervention demands to be chosen in order to fulfill these ordinances. It will besides depend how near the waste incinerator is to edifices and the type of edifice i.e. is it near a residential country. Hence more ordinances need to be considered sing public wellness. Factor Six- Space How much infinite is at that place for the installings. ESP ‘s are larger than bag filters and therefore take up more infinite.Methods for cut downing heavy metals in landfill leachate.There are assorted methods for cut downing heavy metals in landfill leachate -biological, biodegredation utilizing anaerobiotic and aerophilic procedures and chemical and physical methods. One such biological intervention that has been investigated is utilizing vertiver grass ( N. Roongtanakiat, T.Nirunrach, S.Chanyotha, D. Hengchaovanich. Uptake of heavy metals in landfill leachate by vertiver grass ‘ Natural Science 37: 168-175. 2003 ) . They investigated the workss ability to uptake heavy metals from the leachate. The Surat ecotype vertiver workss were planted in pots and treated with landfill leachate. The vertiver grass took up more heavy metals as the strength of the leachate increased and the heavy metals were equally distributed in the shoot and the root. The consequences of the field test at the landfill site besides indicated that vertiver could be used in rehabilitating landfills and nearby countries. The vertiver workss were shown to decease after 80-85 yearss if 100 % leachate was used so they could non e straight used on immature landfills, but could be used on immature landfills if limited leachate were used. The shoot of the works should be harves ted sporadically in order to take the heavy metals from the contaminated dirt and to excite new growing for more consumption. Artificial wetlands combined with aerophilic interventions have besides been studied as a remotion method for heavy metals in leachate. The survey was undertaken at Alback landfill site in Sweden In 2003. ( Source – hypertext transfer protocol: //warrr.org/168/ ) . The leachate intervention system consists foremost of an aeration measure, followed by several wetlands with different deepnesss and flora, intermediate commixture and aeration in a ditch, and eventually deposit in a pool. An approximative sum of 120,000 M3 of leachate base on ballss through the intervention stairss yearly. Leachate samples were collected at different phases along the intervention way during a period of two months and the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Zn, nickel, lead and Cr were studied. The leachate samples were filtered with three different membranes with different pore sizes. Lead and Cr could non be detected at all in the leachate. The entire rates of decrease in the whole wetland system for Cd, Cu , and Zn concentrations were on mean – 83 % 74 % and 68 % severally. Nickel passed unchanged through the wetlands. The largest sum of metals in the leachate was already reduced during the first few metres in the wetland system, provided by deposit and aeration. Consequences of fractional process indicate that Ni and copperoccurred chiefly complex-bound to humic substances. Which are difficult to entree automatically or biologically. Zinc occurs largely in different ionic signifiers or bonded to atoms in the H2O. Harmonizing to environmental quality standards for natural Waterss in Sweden controlled by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, metal concentrations in the treated leachate are low and give rise to no or small hazard of biological effects. Further betterment to the wetland system ‘s heavy metal remotion rates is likely limited since a big sum of the metals appear as composites, which are difficult to entree automatically or biologically. ( Source  œ Persson, K. M. , Van Praahg, M and Olsberg.G, E. ( 2007 ) Removal of Heavy Metallic elements From Landfill Leachate by an Artificial Wetland During a Nordic Autumn. In: Eleventh International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, 1-5 October 2007, S.Margherita di Pula – Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy. hypertext transfer protocol: //warrr.org/168/ ) Aerobic intervention can be used where leachate is recirculated through the waste mass and air is injected into the waste mass. An probe by M.Sartaj, M. Ahmardifar, A.Karmi Jastini ‘ ( Assessment of unmoved aerophilic intervention of municipal landfill leachate at research lab degree – Persian Journal of Science and Technology, Transaction B, Engineering. Vol 34 No.Bl. Pp107-116 2010 ) found that the remotion efficiency for Magnesium, Iron, Lead and Zinc was 93 % , 90 % , 43 % and 76 % severally. Leachate was collected in a container at the underside and pumped into another container at the top, from which leachate was recirculated back into the waste mass into which air was injected. Bacterias can be used to handle leachate for heavy metals. Bacterial floc on the on the leachate surviving in an aerated system with O degrees maintained above 5mg/l. The heavy metals are taken in by the bacteriums and incorporated into their cell biomass. ( Source – Arden Quarry Landfill – www.drydenaqua.com/leachate/leachate/leachpapers/123pdf ) Chemical intervention is besides used – Three armored combat vehicles are used in which pH is adjusted, metal precipate atoms coagulate and are flocculated and foods are added to promote microbic growing The usage of ferric and ferrous oxides as coagulates separate and clot the heavy metals leting remotion. The usage of oxidizers such as H peroxide or K permanganate react with the heavy metals and pull them out of the leachate leting remotion. Simple pH accommodation of the leachate causes the heavy metals to precipitate from the leachate and therefore be removed. ( Source – www.epa.gov/nrmrl ) Other methods include revolving biological contractors, drip filters, aerated lagunas, up flow anaerobic sludge cover reactors, chemical oxidization, surface assimilation, deposit, floatation, rearward osmosis and air denudation.Techniques for the separation of plastic types originating from municipal wastesPlastics can be separated by their rosin designation codification, a method of classification developed by the Society of the Plastics Industry in 168. See below Pet Polyethylene phenolphthalein – Fizzy drink bottles and oven-ready repast trays. HDPE High-density polythene – Bottles for milk and washing-up liquids. Polyvinyl chloride Polyvinyl chloride – Food trays, cleaving movie, bottles for squash, mineral H2O and shampoo.LDPE Low denseness polythene – Carrier bags and bin line drives. PP Polypropylene – Margarine bath, microwaveable repast trays. PS Polystyrene – Yoghurt pots, foam meat or fish trays, beefburger boxes and egg cartons, peddling cups, fictile cutter, protective packaging for electronic goods and playthings. OTHER Any other plastics that do non fall into any of the above classs. – An illustration is melamine, which is frequently used in plastic home bases and cups. ( Source hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wasteonline.org.uk/resources/informationsheets/plastics.htm ) The first point of separation can be at the clip of aggregation. The rosin codification is identified, as seen above, by a trigon formed by three trailing pointers with a figure indoors. This system allows segregation by what is desirable for a municipal recycling segregation system and what should non be included. Other types of separation include: DRY SEPARATION, utilizing the following techniques: Air classifiers -Air separation is used to divide different plastics, or even the same plastic, by the difference of the ratio between the surface of the flake and its mass. This is done by an air counter-flow, – an air flow lifts up plastics of light denseness material and the high denseness plastic corsets down utilizing gravitation. Mechanical classifiers -These are used on flakes of plastic and are largely used to divide flakes by size. Classifiers can be round, level, inclined, with slow or high frequence quivers etc. NIR ( Near Infrared Rays ) – These give a certain measure of energy to every individual piece of plastic and step the response ; this happens in footings of msecs. Its bound is the fact it can be used merely on crystalline points ( chiefly to screen PVC from PET bottles and flakes ) Laser spectral analysis -This penetrates the surface and steps emission spectra which depends upon heat capacity and thermic conduction so color does n't count. The response clip is long on this method so it is non mostly used. Polarized visible radiation -This used to look into differences of crystallinity and applies chiefly to the sorting of PVC from PET bottles but it can be used to screen any mixture of two plastics. UV light – This is used to divide polymers that exhibit different UV induced fluorescence. To human eyes, PET will remain clear while PVC turns black therefore this is a really common manner to manually screen bottles. Electrostatic separation is a system to pull or repel different plastics harmonizing to their charge.–WET SEPARATION, utilizing the following techniquesHydro cyclones heighten the difference of specific weight by centrifugal force, so seperating the plastics. It can be used on plastics of really similar weightsSink-float by preferable solvent soaking up is used when two polymers with same specific weight demand to be separated ; a dissolver ( intoxicant, ketone, etc ) makes one of the two lighter hence they can be separated. Hydrophobicity is the disfavor of H2O ; some polymers react in a different manner when traveling into H2O under certain conditions therefore separation becomes possible.Froth floatation means air bubbles attach to one solid advancing natation in a liquid and leave the other ( s ) to drop. Chemical Separation can besides be used including Hydrolysis, Glycolysis, hydroglycolysis .PyrolysisA new separation technique for assorted plastics using selective wetting features has been developed. The surface of specific plastics can be selectively changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic by utilizing a wetting agent. Then, when little air bubbles are introduced into a separation cell, they adhere to the surface of the hydrophobic plastics and drift them to the H2O surface. The new separation technique is wholly different from conventional methods based on lone differences in denseness. Plastics with the same denseness can be separated by this procedure. The fictile centrifuge can be used for many intents: for dividing plastics from mixtures, riddance of foreign affair such as paper, fibres, aluminum foil, Cu wire french friess, sand, and glass from plastics ; elucidation of waste H2O incorporating all right rosin pulverization ; etc. ( Source K.Saitoh, I. Naguna, S.Izuni. ‘ New Separation technique for waste plastics. Central Research Laboratory, Mitsui Mining and Smelting Company. 1976 )

Childhood Development - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 768 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Childhood Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Parents begin teaching their children in the early stages of life, even while they are still infants. Establishing a schedule for feeding, sleeping, bath time and playtime are the first things babies learn and come to depend on. Providing mobiles that play music, toys that entertain, even parents who sing to their babies are ways in which help them develop into curious toddlers, and this is why the first and best teachers are parents. As babies enter the toddler stage, they demand attention and are very eager to learn. Parents encourage them to walk, teach them to drink out of a cup, and consequently, as a child grows, parents are the most important and constant influence in a toddlers life. They become to depend on parents for everything and learn through observance as well. Good habits take form in the early stages of a childs life. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Childhood Development" essay for you Create order Parents encourage early learning by setting aside time for their children. Reading a book to them every day stimulates word recognition, and soon they are able to tell you the story, word for word. They will look forward to this time and this, therefore, teaches them to be dependable. The way in which parents communicate with their children and show interest in what they are doing teaches them social skills. When parents inquire about their day, engage in conversation at the dinner table, as well as while driving in the car makes children feel important, and parents are teaching their children to be compassionate, while also showing them the importance of caring for others. I chose the place or a play place inside of a local mall, it was very easy to observe every part of child development such as cognitive, social-emotional, language as well as physical at the same time. I performed the observation on October 28, 2018, from 1 pm to 3 pm. Dallas an African American boy. He has curly medium length black hair with dark brown eyes and thin black eyebrows. His height looked around 35.5-36 inches that he may be a little taller than other early childhood children. He looks thin and has a full set of teeth inside his mouth, full cheeks, and a small button nose. When he first arrived in the room he used his hands to try to undo his zipper on his jacket, but he was having difficulty so I encouraged him to continue to try and unzip it before he grew frustrated and solicited my help, so I stepped in and helped him. He also understands the concept of counting and knows a few numbers. During meal time, his caregiver was trying to feed him balanced nutrient, but he seemed to have a habit which was eating only what he wants. Despite his caregiver mixed all the foods for avoiding his picky eating, he had remaining foods left on his plate, except for what he liked to eat. When discussing how children develop and the many phases and stages they go through, it is determined that there is more complexity to this field of study than one may think. A childs development can be broken up into different categories and age ranges. Dallas, a two-year-old would fall into the second stage of psychosocial development autonomy vs. shame/doubt. Having given Dallas this classification, one can use the accompanying guidelines and characteristics that are usually associated with Autonomy versus shame and doubt, in order to determine how his actions and behaviors, gathered through observation, correspond. Looking at development in terms of the social-emotional branch, Erik Erikson is a person who studies child development, and has classified children like Dallas, who are in early childhood development, as undergoing a time period of Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt. As explained in the textbook, a child who is classified under the category of autonomy, is explained as being able to think and do for themselves. On the other hand, a child who is classified under the category of shame/doubt, is explained as they beginning to feel inadequate in their ability to survive, they become overly dependent upon others, lack self-esteem, and feel a sense of doubt in their abilities. Dallass behaviors are more so of autonomy rather than shame/doubt. When asked to perform an assigned tasks if he does not feel like it he will definitely let it be known. Dallas also has a way of letting it be known that he is full, not hungry or just plain tired. His vocabulary and use of words is hit or miss, hes not an on cue type of toddler but when he needs to talk he will.

Racial Profiling After September 11 Essay - 1032 Words

Hessian Abbess says he watched in humiliation as two security officers yanked clothes out of his carry-on bag in plain view of dozens of other travelers at Baltimore/Washington International Airport. Hessian Abbess, an Arab lawyer going to a convention, was kept at the gate for 30 minutes that October day. He tried to show them a business card that identified him as member of the National Bar Association, but they paid no attention. I felt threatened. I felt if I protested too much, I was going to eat airport carpet, Hessian Abbess says. A US Airways gate agent told him he was detained because he fit a profile designed to identify travelers who may pose a security risk. But the agent wouldnt be more specific. Hessian Abbess doesnt†¦show more content†¦The model is expected to be an improvement over the written guidelines that airport employees use now. Civil rights groups met with Secretary of Transportation to discuss concerns about the profiling system. Participants included the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, the ACLU and the American Muslim Council. One result: By Dec. 31, signs will be posted at airports telling travelers how to contact the Department of Transportation if they have a complaint about security. The DOT says it is investigating 45 complaints about racial and ethnic concerns received this year. We are going to be working with the airlines on the things were hearing about, says DOT general counsel Nancy McFadden. Were going to be vigilant about this. Profiling is not new. American Airlines began using profiling in 1986, drawing on the expertise of former El Al employees who developed it for the Israeli airline. Simply put, profiling is a screening system intended to ferret out travelers who might try to hijack a plane or smuggle a bomb aboard. It involves asking questions - Did you pack your own bags and Did anyone ask you to carry anything for them are two examples - and examining a passengers travel habits. A ticket paid for with cash, a one-way ticket bought the day of departure, or lack of a travel history with a particular airline may be red flags that lead to extra scrutiny. Airline and Federal Aviation Administration officials say profiling methods do not includeShow MoreRelatedRacial Profiling of Arabic People after September 11 Essay1197 Words   |  5 Pages A series of tragic events occurred in United States. On September 11th, 2001 the Twin Towers in New York City were destroyed by two planes that were hijacked by Arabic people. As planes were crashing into the Twin Towers, regular people saw the tragedy take place. All they could do was stare in despair as they watched the towers come crumbling down. The Pentagon in Virginia also was also crashed into by a hijacked plane. Thousands died and many were left injured. The Arabian people laughedRead MoreTerrorism and Racial Profiling Essay966 Words   |  4 Pages Before September 11 we had almost succeeded in eliminating racial profiling, After September 11, its a whole new world, says Michel Shehadeh of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC) in the western region. One thousand Arab Americans have already been detained and we dont know who they are or what charges have been brought against them. Of those 1,147 Arabs and Arab Americans who have been detained, exactly zero have been charged with any formal offense in connectionRead MoreRacial Profiling And Violates Human Rights Essay966 Words   |  4 PagesIs Racial Profiling Justiciable Under Certain Circumstances? Racial profiling has been a longstanding argument in law enforcement practices for a number of years in American society. Often it divides and alienates communities from law enforcements while hindering police efforts to control crimes and protect civilians. Many civil right groups argue that racial profiling is ineffective and violates human rights. However after September 11th, it appears that the practice has become much more prominentRead MoreProfiling Immigration in the U.S Essay examples1429 Words   |  6 PagesImmigration profiling has become a recent issue in the United States. This is primarily due to the fact that â€Å"the immigrant population in the United States grew considerably over the past 50 years† (Garcia 1). States are enacting laws that grant law enforcement the right to profile any one person that they believe is an illegal immigrant. On April 23, 2010, Arizona’s â€Å"Governor Brewer issued Executive Order 2010-09 requiring the Arizona Peace Of ficers Standards and Training Board to establish trainingRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States1657 Words   |  7 Pages The 11th of September, 2001 was a momentous day in American history. 19 members of the terrorist group Al-Qaeda hijacked American Airlines Flight 11 United Airlines Flight 175, and crashed into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. Hijackers crashed the third plane into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. The fourth jet, United Airlines Flight 93, crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. Nearly 3,000 people lost their lives on 9/11 due to the terrorist attacksRead MoreRacial Profiling : The National Institute Of Justice Essay1311 Words   |  6 Pages Racial Profiling in U.S History Selyna Copeland Professor Dora Leal Social Science 180 10 November, 2016 The National Institute of Justice (â€Å"Racial Profiling†) stated that racial profiling, which is a form of discrimination, racism, and stereotypes is when law enforcement, based on a person’s race, ethnicity, national origin, or religion targets a person for suspicion of crimes. Today people can turn on their television, go online, and even listen to their radios and they will hear aboutRead MoreRacial Profiling : Just Mercy By Bryan Stevenson Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesRacial Profiling The justice system is one of the most important and critical parts of a government. Laws and regulations in our justice system guarantee our rights and safety. When law enforcement is segregated the safety of people among minorities are in the wrong hands. In the novel, â€Å"Just Mercy† by Bryan Stevenson, he scripts a similar situation where a man named Walter McMillian was a victim of racial profiling. Walter McMillian, an African American man, was convicted of murder of Ronda MorrisonRead MoreWe Need new Ways of Security to Attack Terrorism Essay1114 Words   |  5 Pagescountry. We must develop new methods that provide better safety for all passengers. It is very clear that the precautions we are taking now are inefficient and unaffordable. That is why I believe racial profiling is a harsh but, necessary part in keeping America safe. Despite the hostility of racial profiling it is constitutional, it saves money, and most importantly it has worked. In America, the constitution is the final law of the land. The constitution is not always as clear as everyone likes toRead MoreProfiling in Law Enforcement751 Words   |  3 PagesThe term profiling is defined as â€Å"the use of personal characteristics or behavior patterns to make a generalization about a person†; therefore, this refers to gender profiling. The second part of the definition also states the â€Å"use of these characteristics to determine whether a person may be engaged in illegal activity† refers to what is called racial profiling (Dictionary.com, n.d.). Profiling has been used within in law enforcement for a number of years, as it provides informational analysisRead MoreRacial Profiling Is A Breach Of Justice1491 Words   |  6 PagesRacial profiling is considered to be a breach of justice in the US. It is the use of someone’s race or ethnicity by law enforcement in deciding whether or not to stop, search, or arrest an individual. The prac tice of racial profiling is still very controversial today and is considered illegal in many jurisdictions. It is hard to say whether racial profiling is ethical or not. Profiling based on gender, race, or ethnicity is just the way our minds work; it’s natural. We create ‘profiles’ of how

The Removal of Prayer from Public Schools Essay - 4217 Words

The removal of prayer from public schools is a very controversial and misunderstood debate. This paper will address the history of the debate, common myths and misunderstandings, and the current trends. History of the Debate: Public schools originated in 1647 in the Massachusetts Bay Colony and soon spread across New England. They began with an elementary school for every fifty families and a Latin school for every one hundred families. Their mission was to â€Å"ensure that Puritan children learn to read the Bible and receive basic information about their Calvinist religion.†1 By 1840, conflict was at a climax in New York City. The public schools had taken on a â€Å"common school† education that included a†¦show more content†¦New York City adopted a 22-word Regent’s Prayer as part of their Statement on Moral and Spiritual Training in the Schools. In 1962, the United States Supreme Court was called upon to interpret the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution citing the Regent’s Prayer in violation (Engel v. Vitale). In a 6 to 1 decision (with 2 remaining neutral) the Supreme Court decided that the Regent’s Prayer, which was to be said aloud by each student in the presence of a teacher at the beginning of each school day, was unconstitutional: â€Å"Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers, and our Country.† Mr. Justice Black delivered the opinion of the court: The State’s use of the Regents’ prayer in its public school system breaches the constitutional wall of separation between Church and State†¦The Establishment Clause does not depend upon any showing of direct governmental compulsion and is violated by the enactment of laws which establish an official religion whether those laws operate directly to coerce non-observing individuals or not†¦When the power, prestige and financial support of government is placed behind a particularShow MoreRelatedHistory Of The Preval Of Prayer In Public Education1538 Words   |  7 Pagesthe removal of prayer and the effect it has caused in our public schools. It is essential to understand that reinstating prayer back in public education can begin with understanding how to appropriately add balance. Within history, religions have been alternated by the removal of prayer and biblical reading without warning in 1963 for students to understand, without proper education and not offeri ng facilitator to teach students about religion. Students need to be exposed to literature from the divinityRead MoreDownfall of Education System was No School Prayer649 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Since prayer was removed from public school classrooms in 1962, we have had a 6-fold increase in violent crime, our divorce rate has tripled,births to single mothers have increased 5-fold, the teenage suicide rate has tripled, and SAT scores have dropped 10%.(Creation Today). Reasons that represent why prayer and moments of silence should be allowed in the public school system will be expressed. This essay will represent the affirmative stance when regarding this topic of school wide prayer and momentsRead MoreAgainst the Prohibition of Posting the Ten Commandments in Public Schools992 Words   |  4 Pagesposting the Ten Commandments in public school classrooms. To me, eliminating a simple posting relating to religion is the attempt to eliminate all forms of religion being in schools. I believe a very serious downward slide in behavior among students is caused by the removal of religion and eliminating the fear of God. With religion being in school, students were held to Higher Authority, thus students having a balance of moral conduct. If religion would have remained in schools, this current generationRead MoreShould Public Schools Begin The Day With A Silent Prayer Time?870 Words   |  4 Pages Should Public Schools Begin the Day with a Silent Prayer Time? Beginning the day with a silent prayer time in public schools is a very controversial topic. Some people say that prayer should not be allowed in public schools because public schools are funded by the tax payers, who are not all religious. Others say that prayer should be allowed in public schools because it would acknowledge the religious and spiritual heritage of America, and that it would improve the school environment and societyRead More Supporting Prayer in Public Schools Essay1078 Words   |  5 Pagesnot to allow prayer in public schools. Many Americans feel it is not right of the schools to teach religion. With all the diversity associated with the United States, public schools cannot select one standard religion to practice, due to the cultural and religious differences in the country. 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This has kept the political issue of religion at a boil and confused many people on theRead MoreEssay on Prayer in School1341 Words   |  6 PagesOver the years, there has been a very controversial debate on whether there should be prayer incorporated within the public schools; half the population votes no on the topic. Many individuals feel that allowing prayer services within the schools will be offensive and time consuming. A common fear among the people is that there would not be an equal way to recognize everyone’s religion. There would be even more controversy as to which religions should be taught, in what manner, and it’s a veryRead MoreThe Issue of School Prayer1009 Words   |  4 PagesThe issue of school prayer has been a thorny one in the United States for many years now. In the beginning of the nineteenth century readings of the Bible and prayer were common practices in public schools. However prayer was banned in 1962 due to claims that it was violating the First Amendment right that the government was not allowed to support religion, and from then on the Supreme Court has ruled against any and all forms of prayer in schools. Schools cannot however ban students from praying inRead MoreAn Awareness Of A False Consciousness977 Words   |  4 Pagesmillennial generation, which is different from prior ones who were predominantly Christian. What is it that the millennials can be aware of or, influenced on, that causes this non-conformity towards religion? There has been a decline in Christianity and a rise in non-religious, this can be due to the awareness of abuse in Christianity, the removal of Christianity from public schools, and a new generation of its own community. There has been an awareness of the abuse from the Christian religion. There isRead MoreReligious Prayer Within Public Schools1431 Words   |  6 Pages Religious prayer within public schools has been a heated debate for many years and ultimately has caught national attention. Overtime many court cases have challenge this issue. The Constitution itself is on the fence of religious prayer because of the First Amendment’s freedom of speech clause which prohibits the government’s involvement with the freedom of exercise of religion. The policy of religious prayer within Mississippi public schools is a state policy level. In the year of 2013, Governor

Impact - Importance - Marketing Techniques and Risks

Question: Describe about the Impact, Importance, Marketing Techniques and Risks. Answer: Introduction: E-commerce has spread its wings all across the globe at a rapid rate over the past few years. It has emerged as a challenge for the brick and mortar based retail industries to be at par with the e-commerce platform. There has been a shift from the traditional practices that were followed in the business to the new and improved e-commerce processes. Along with the retailers, e-commerce has also largely impacted the consumers. Impact of E-commerce on Retail Industry: There has been a great impact of e-commerce on the retail industry. Brick and mortar based retailers and wholesalers are now compelled to sell their products on an online portal looking at the general trend in the market and among the consumers. Following are the impacts that the retail industry has faced upon the success of e-commerce. The density of sales for the retailers has largely dropped over the past few years. There is an additional expenditure that has come up for the retailers in order to create strategies to be at par with the e-commerce counterpart. The margins have also dropped due to increase in fixed costs and capital expenditure (Dalal, 2014). For the Business-to-Business trading, a large number of brands are now collaborating with the e-commerce websites and web-based portals to conduct their sales. There are also huge discounts that are offered on the e-commerce platform which is otherwise not seen at the retailer end. For the Business-to-Consumer trading, a large population of the consumers now prefers the online based exchange of goods rather than visiting the shop at the retailer end (Jstor.org, 2016). Importance of Customer Information for E-commerce Business: Customer information is a vital piece that holds great importance as far as e-commerce is concerned. By keeping an account of the customer information, it becomes easy for the e-commerce experts to analyze the choice and preference of the consumer through the business intelligence and data analytics. Also, the target customers for a particular product type can be predicted with the use of customer information. Marketing strategy is also developed keeping the customer information in consideration. For instance, if a customer is interested in a particular product type and is seen purchasing the same kind of product time and again, then the customer information such as contact number or email address is used to alert the customer in occurrence of special deal or offer. It helps in achieving better sales and also engages the customer with the brand. It also helps in solving customer grievances in a timely fashion by keeping an account of customer information. Issues revolving around payment, shipment, delay in delivery or product feedback can be easily recorded with the help of customer information. The same is also used to improve upon the areas wherein the customer does not feel satisfied or well-served. The task is covered in the maintenance and management of customer relationship (Pigford, 2013). Marketing Techniques of E-commerce: Marketing strategy is a significant entity that is a must in the present world of fierce competition in the market. Following are the reasons that mark the importance of a well-defined and well-planned marketing strategy: For generating an interest and craze among the consumers in regards to a new brand or a new product before it actually enters in the market. For improving the sales associated with a particular product. Customer relationship is also covered in the marketing strategy which helps in attaining better customer loyalty and customer satisfaction. To gain a competitive edge among the others in the market and to establish a strong name as well (Zorzini, 2015). There are a number of marketing strategies that are followed and used in the e-commerce world. Some of these strategies are as listed below. Content Marketing Strategy: It is always said that content is the king. Content Marketing Strategy is based upon the same guideline as it is important to have quality content in place in order to attract more and more consumers. Before the product is launched in the market, it is essential to create a buzz about it and the key to the same is content in the form of blogs, pictures, audios and videos that are circulated all over. It makes people aware about the brand or a product before it is actually introduced in the market Email Marketing Campaign: This is the marketing strategy where customer information and its importance come in the picture. Email addresses of the customers from the database are used to spread the information about the new product. The marketing campaign makes use of a series of emails informing the consumers about the product details and the launch date (Roberge, 2016). Social Media Marketing: Social media as a marketing platform is the latest addition to the marketing technique. Although it is a newer concept but social media marketing has marked itself as one of the most important marketing technique that has become a mandate for e-commerce platform. Promotion of a brand or a product on social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram is now must and requires a dedicated team for the task. Personalization Strategy: The human element is always missing from e-commerce and the way business is done under it. The gap is filled with the personalization strategy as the consumers always have an element doubt with the companies they have never heard of in the past. Strategies like addressing the customer with his/her first name in the email give a personal touch and make the customer more connected with the brand. Loyalty Program: Loyal program is also a new concept which includes providing reward points or cash back to the customers once they make a purchase. This helps in making the customers stick to a particular e-commerce website and also helps in developing huge customer base. Security Issues with E-commerce: There are a number of advantages and importance of e-commerce practices both for the business and for the consumer. On the other hand, there are also a number of security issues that come with e-commerce that need serious attention. Following are the requirements that need to be fulfilled for the security of the information on an e-commerce platform. Privacy: The information that is present on the e-commerce portal must not be accessible by the unauthorized users. Integrity: The information must only be modified or altered by the authorized set of users. Authentication: For every single functionality and feature there are user privileges that must be granted. For the users that do not have the permission to perform a certain activity should not be allowed to perform the same. Non-repudiation: An acknowledgement must be generated to ensure that the information that was meant to be received has been correctly received (ORaghallaigh, 2016). Security Threats and Attacks: Denial of Service Attacks: These are the attacks when the service becomes unavailable due to generation of an unnecessary traffic towards a particular service. Phlashing: It is also known as the permanent denial of service attack in which the attackers cause such damage to the system that it demands replacement of the hardware or the re-installation of the same. There are unauthorized changes made to the firmware. Brute Force Attacks: These are the attacks in which all the possible combinations are attempted to break in to the cryptographic encryption of the system. Phishing: In these attacks masquerading of the user is done to gain vital and private information such as username, password and other confidential information. These details are then used to enter in to the system in an unauthorized manner. Measures to enhance the Security of E-commerce Platforms: Firewall: Firewall is a wall that is created between the system and network that filters the exchange of information between the two parties. Unauthorized access is avoided with the help of firewalls. Strong Passwords: Use of strong passwords makes it difficult for the attackers to break in the security of the system. There are a number of password combinations which include a defined length and presence of varied type of characters that are difficult to crack. Also, one time passwords which are sent to the users email address or phone number makes it extremely tedious for the attacker to hack the password. Use of SSL SSL stands for Secure Socket Layer which is a protocol that enhances the security of the data transmitted over web. It makes use of cryptographic techniques for securing the information with the help of both the public and the private keys. HTTPS: HTTPS is an enhancement of HTTP and stands for secure hyper text transfer protocol. It is used to make the web pages secure by avoiding the attacks by the intruders. Role of Social Media in E-commerce: Social media as described above has emerged as an important platform for marketing and also for maintain customer relationship post product launch. There are a number of social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram which are used by the e-commerce associates to manage and maintain the customer interaction. These platforms are used to understand customer choice and preferences and are also used to enhance the customer involvement. Features such as product rating, customer feedback and issues are collected over the social media platform and it enables the customers to feel more connected towards a particular brand. Apart from the marketing medium, it is also used to address and maintain the relationship with the customer after the product is launched in the market (Sharma, 2015). Recommendations E-commerce is beneficial to one and all if it is correctly used and implemented. It is recommended to use to the newer marketing strategies such as social media marketing but the focus should not be minimized from the traditional marketing practices. This is because there are still a lot many customers that resist adapting the e-commerce business practices. Also, the security of the e-commerce platform can be enhanced with the use of anti-virus and internet security software. Both the software must be installed at all the network entry points to ensure that the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the information in not at all impacted. Conclusion: E-commerce is the platform that has evolved in the recent years and has taken the market by storm. There has been a huge impact of e-commerce on both Business-to-Business and Business-to-Consumer trading practices. Retail industry has had a great transformation with the launch of e-commerce processes and techniques. Customer importance plays an important role in the world of e-commerce and there are a number of marketing techniques that are available such as social media marketing, personalization strategy, email marketing campaign, loyalty program and many more. With so many benefits of e-commerce, there are also a few concerns associated with the concept with security as a primary concern out of all. There are a number of security threats that e-commerce is prone to which may adversely affect the privacy, availability and confidentiality of the information. Attacks such as denial of service, brute force attack and phishing are now very common which can be tackled by the use of stro ng security mechanisms. References: Dalal, M. and Tandon, S. (2014). E-commerce boom hurts brick-and-mortar retailers. [online] https://www.livemint.com/. Available at: https://www.livemint.com/Industry/f6eARBcJOWrTZTzuDcZZzI/Ecommerce-boom-hurts-brickandmortar-retailers.html [Accessed 24 Jul. 2016]. Bakos, Y., Lucas, H., Oh, W., Simon, G., Viswanathan, S. and Weber, B. (2005). The Impact of E-Commerce on Competition in the Retail Brokerage Industry. 1st ed. [ebook] Information Systems Research. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/23015803?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents [Accessed 24 Jul. 2016]. Pigford, J. (2013). Why customer data is important for your ecommerce business. [online] The BigCommerce Blog. Available at: https://www.bigcommerce.com/blog/customer-data-important-ecommerce/ [Accessed 24 Jul. 2016]. Meyer, C. (2013). E-commerce boom triggers transformation in retail logistics. 1st ed. [ebook] Jones Lang LaSalle. Available at: https://www.jll.com/Research/eCommerce_boom_triggers_transformation_in_retail_logistics_whitepaper_Nov2013.pdf [Accessed 24 Jul. 2016]. E-commerce and the Market Structure of Retail Industries. (2009). 1st ed. [ebook] uchicago.edu. Available at: https://home.uchicago.edu/syverson/ecommerce.pdf [Accessed 24 Jul. 2016]. Steel, W., Daglish, T., Marriott, L., Gemmell, N. and Howell, B. (2011). E - Commerce and its effect upon the Retail Industry and Government Revenue. 1st ed. [ebook] ISCR. Available at: https://booksellers.co.nz/sites/default/files/E-Commerce-and-its-effect-upon-the-Retail-Industry-and-Government-Revenue.pdf [Accessed 24 Jul. 2016]. Zorzini, C. (2016). 50 Unbeatable Ecommerce Marketing Tips for 2016. [online] Ecommerce Platforms. Available at: https://ecommerce-platforms.com/articles/50-unbeatable-ecommerce-marketing-tips [Accessed 24 Jul. 2016]. ORaghallaigh, E. (2010). Security Issues in E-Commerce. [online] Webscience.ie. Available at: https://webscience.ie/blog/2010/security-issues-in-e-commerce/ [Accessed 24 Jul. 2016]. Roberge, M. (2009). Internet Marketing Strategies for Ecommerce Websites. 1st ed. [ebook] Hubspot. Available at: https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/53/file-13204589-pdf/docs/internet-marketing-strategies-for-ecommerce-websites-webinar-slides.pdf [Accessed 24 Jul. 2016]. Sharma, L. (2015). Essential Role of Social Media Networking in Ecommerce. [online] Socialnomics. Available at: https://socialnomics.net/2015/09/15/essential-role-of-social-media-networking-in-ecommerce/ [Accessed 24 Jul. 2016].